Editors:  Christiane Charlemaine, Michael O'Loughlin, and Evangeline A. Wheeler 

Jean Ait Belkhir and Lenus Jack, Jr.   Introduction (p3-8)

Christiane Charlemaine  What Might MZ Twin Research Teach us about RGC Issues (p9-29)

Since the publication of Francis Galton’s work, monozygotic (MZ) twins have been studied as a living experiment to try and to clarify the nature/nurture controversy, and have been used and abused to support genetic determinism. Indisputably the twin method has been the workhorse of genetic determinism. This article addresses the more intriguing relationships between twins research and race, gender and class issues. As a subject of research, twin studies from a race, gender and class perspective are a complex and multidisciplinary pursuit. Genetic determinism drawn from twin studies based on the assumption that genetics predominates our environment in the transmission of human intelligence (often indexed by intellectual quotient [IQ] scores) is particularly suspect because it has circuitously become the core of racism, sexism and classism. The purpose of this paper is to deconstruct the mainstream twin studies and to show the relationship between twin studies and race, gender and class issues related to intelligence and IQ measures.  Keywords:  twin studies, monozygotic, monochorionic, dichorionic, race, gender, class, genetic determinism, intelligence, intellectual quotient

Evangeline A. Wheeler  "And, does it matter if he was racist?":  Deconstructing Concepts in Psychology (p33-44)

In teaching about theoretical concepts in psychology, we often fail to first consider the sociohistorical background in which those concepts were developed. If we conduct analyzes of the origin of many of the concepts used frequently in the field of psychology, we often uncover the insidious influence of race, gender, class and culture biases. The author proposes a three-part model to be used as a tool of race, gender, class and culture analysis, and suggests it be used in psychology and other academic disciplines to deconstruct the concepts we take for granted.  Keywords:  racism, teaching, Sankofa

Judith K. Bernhard  Toward a 21st Century Developmental Theory:  Principles to Account for Diversity in Children's Lives (p45-60)

If ‘culture’ is not simply treated as an additional influence or variable, as in Developmentally Appropriate documents and DSM-IV, then cultural studies lead one to conclude there is essential diversity in human development. The cultural context establishes the objectives which define individual and social development. Based on our studies of Latino immigrants, we propose principles providing a basis for a deep revision of developmental theory: some deal with knowledge production; others specify fundamental assumptions of systems theory—hierarchical organization, multiple pathways of development. We supply illustrative cases, which suggest, besides theoretical plausibility, the usefulness of the principles in understanding such situations.  Keywords: developmental theory, innovation and revision, psychology, cultural issues, knowledge production, diversity, theories and practice, Latino studies, education

Ronald E. Hall  The Class Initiatives of Intelligence Rhetoric:  Implications of Racism for Scientific Inquiry (p61-70)

In a society that is not totalitarian, class disparities are enabled institutionally by science. A capital driven nation that associates intelligence with class and race can determine overall quality of life. Thus, perception of intelligence is an extremely powerful tool for reinforcing class. Seldom have scientists been more controversial than in their attempts to quantify intelligence on the basis of race. Racial models of intelligence provide a paradigm for class and given the correlation reflects a vivid illustration of how classism pervades the scientific community. In order to be better informed, scientists who conduct intelligence research must resist bias. In the aftermath, science will remain subject to flaws but enabled in its attempt to gather an accurate set of facts.  Keywords:  race, racism, class, intelligence, science

Lisa J. Schulte  Similarities and Differences in Homophobia Among African Americans versus Caucasians  (p71-93)

Three studies were conducted to examine both similarities and differences in homophobia among African Americans versus Caucasians. Study 1 focused on replicating past findings with Caucasian subjects, among African American subjects. Study 2 examined whether African Americans, compared to Caucasians, express greater negativity toward homosexuals. Study 3 focused on an explanation of differences in the level of negativity among African Americans versus Caucasians. In general, results suggest that while there are similarities in homophobia among African Americans versus Caucasians, differences exist in the level of negativity expressed. African Americans, compared to Caucasians, express greater negativity. A social role theory explanation of this difference is presented and tested in Study 3.  Keywords:   African American, Caucasian, deviation, gender role, homophobia, sex role theory

James E. Smith  Race, Emotions, and Socialization (p94-110)

The connection between emotions and behavior is well documented. Emotions are an integral and significant aspect of human nature and the motivation for behavior. Research suggest that when people understand their own emotions, they have a chance to act appropriately on that understanding, connect with other people emotionally, and effectively interact to meet their needs and life’s goals. Gender and race were also associated with emotional intelligence (EQ-i). Females reported higher mean interpersonal score while males reported higher intrapersonal score. African-American subjects reported lower interpersonal, intrapersonal scores and lower total EQ-i scores than Caucasians. The empirical data and research suggest that the dynamics of the socialization process with regards to emotion and their behavioral expression are different for men and women and that the same is true for race. Thus understanding that men and women, and people or color are socialized differently and how they are socialized with respect to emotions can provide insight and meaning into the of behavior people, for more effective interpersonal and intrapersonal interaction. The results of this research further indicate that emotion as measured by the Bar-On EQ-i is a complex construct that has differential implications for people based on gender and race; which may have significant influence on the development and effectiveness of social, emotional learning and thus social interaction within multiple social levels and systems and for the practice effectiveness of social work and psychology.  Keywords:  emotion, behavior, emotional, social emotional learning, justice, race

Shanette M. Harris  Father Absence in the African American Community:  Toward a New Paradigm (p111-133)  

This paper provides a critical review of African American father absence research and calls for a paradigmatic shift that emphasizes the value of investigating the effects of father absence as part of a transactional process. Existing theories have not adequately examined personal, interpersonal and family factors and specified how such variables might interact with other environmental factors to shape the father absence experience. This article views father absence as a stressor that can potentially give rise to additional stressors that can each increase childhood risks for maladaptive psychosocial and developmental outcomes. Empirical studies are reviewed and research directions are recommended.  Keywords:  father absence, family structure, paternal absence, father-child relations, African Americans, Blacks, socioeconomic status, fathers, parental role, child socialization, father involvement, mother headed households, mother-child families

Karen L. Lombardi   Eracing the Simple Certainty of Difference:  A Psychoanalytic Contribution (p134-146)

Racism, classism, and sexism are fostered not only through material conditions, but also through the privileging of difference common to Western intellectual thought. This essay turns to the unconscious of psychoanalytic theory, and especially to the theories of Melanie Klein and Ignacio Matte Blanco, with the hope of providing an alternate discourse on race, gender, and class within psychology. Racism, sexism, and the objectifications of class can be seen as thriving through what Klein describes as the projective identifications of the paranoid-schizoid position. Parts of the self, when split off or splintered and seen to reside only in the other, take the form of paranoid identifications, and relationships are impoverished. In the bi-logic of Matte Blanco, to maintain rich relationships with other people requires the simultaneous experience of the symmetry of empathic identification and the asymmetry of individual, subjective experience. Likewise, in Klein, the capacity simultaneously to identify with others and maintain the negativity of difference moves the individual from paranoid-schizoid modes of relating into more integrative and empathic modes. Personal examples are provided as illustrations.  Keywords:  racism and psychoanalysis, gender and psychoanalysis, Matte Blanco, Melanie Klein, David Bohn, projective identification, introjective identification

Jerry Gold   The Failed Social Legacy of Interpersonal Psychoanalysis  (p147-157)

This article explores the work of the founders of Interpersonal Psychoanalysis (Sullivan and Fromm), who expanded the intra-psychic focus of classical psychoanalysis by identifying the ways that social injustice and inequality eventuated in psychopathology. The failure of this school of psychoanalytic thought to continue the pursuit of a socially conscious theory and therapeutic system is discussed. Some of the professional, theoretical, and political reasons for the failure of successive generations of analysts to carry out this socially conscious legacy are explored. Finally, a model of psychoanalysis is presented in which theory and clinical work are informed by an in-depth exploration of each patient’s unique social, ethnic, economic, and political background and experiences.  Keywords:  Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, racism, poverty, discrimination, Fromm, Sullivan

Theresa A. Martinez   The Double-Consciousness of Du Bois and the "Mestiza Consciousness" of  Anzaldúa (p158-176)

Within sociology, the role of African American thinker and activist, W.E.B. Du Bois, as theorist and activist is well known. The work of Gloria Anzaldúa, however, while widely discussed in other disciplines is only beginning to be recognized by sociologists as they begin to review and discuss her work. Moreover, while African Americans and Latinos/as are often linked by researchers discussions of major social problems including housing inequity, drug use, and imprisonment rates, sociological researchers have paid scant attention to the links between Black and Latino/a thinkers. This paper provides an analysis of 19^th century African American thinker W.E.B. Du Bois’ concept of the" double-consciousness" in relation to 20^th century Chicana feminist thinker Gloria Anzaldúa’s concept of the "mestiza consciousness," among other aspects of their work, and argues that their work is related and represents resonant forms of oppositional culture or consciousness within a matrix of domination (Mitchell & Feagin, 1995; Collins, 2000). It is suggested that common threads of racial/ethnic and class oppression bind the works of these two thinkers, while discussion of issues related to gender and sexuality, lacking for the most part in Du Bois’ work, are developed more thoroughly by Anzaldúa.  Keywords: African Americans, Latina/os, race and ethnic relations, matrix of dominations, race, class and gender, deviance, popular culture

Michael O'Loughlin   Is a Socially Responsible and Critical Psychology of Difference Possible? (p177-192)

In this article the hegemony of psychology, embodied in its power to "name, identify, classify, domesticate and contain" the Others of our world is queried. Because of its embeddedness in universalist and colonial scientistic epistemologies, psychology has been burdened by a tendency to "obliterate, silence and negate" the subjectivities of the non-normative Others of our societies. The case is made here specifically for the exclusion of critical interrogation of race and ethnicity from the daily discourses of psychology, though an equally forceful case could be made for class- and gender-exclusions. The article concludes with a series of recommendations that might set psychology on a path toward social justice and inclusivity, thereby making some reparation for the role it has historically played in contributing to the codification of difference and the perpetuation of racial inequality.  Keywords:  critical psychology, psychology of difference, critical race theory, postcolonial theory, racial identity, psychoanalysis

Editors:  Jean Ait Belkhir, Lenus Jack Jr. and Christiane Charlemaine

Jean Ait Belkhir, Lenus Jack Jr., and Christiane Charlemaine   Introduction   (p3-8)

Rodney L. Brod and Karen M. Foote   Multinomial Logistic Regression of Race and Gender Biases in Clerical Worker Wages (p9-29)

This article applies multinomial logistic regression (MLR), a quantitative statistical method, to reveal significant biases in beginning and current wages among race and gender groups of bank clerical workers. These wage differences persist even when holding constant education, previous work experience, age, and job seniority. This research extends a series of studies that advocate and/or demonstrate this quantitative method (Brod 1999; Brod and Fenelon 1999) applied to race, gender, and class (RGC) research.  Keywords:  multinomial logistic regression, quantitative statistical methods, race, gender and class, wage biases, clerical workers

Pamela N. Waldron-Moore   Toward a Model of Eco-Political Activism:  Differentiating the Impact of Race and Class  (p31-60)

Efforts to determine what motivates individuals to take political action on environmental issues have not been wholly instructive. The vast literature on environmental behavior has identified correlates of environmental concern and some explanations for why some modes of political action are engaged in. This study attempts to develop a holistic explanation of eco-political activism by identifying pathways to political action. The results show that individual values and beliefs determine environmental concern and help develop ecological consciousness in individuals. This consciousness may lead to a perception of threat, which in turn influences participation in environmental policy-making. To the extent that psychological factors such as fear for the sustainability of the community and the nation are present and individuals feel threatened by environmental conditions, they are likely to take political action. Multivariate analysis revealed that individual values and beliefs explain 45% of the variance in ecological concerns, which explain 34% of the variance in publics’ perception of threat. The latter then explains 14% of the variance in eco-political activism. Both race and class offered interesting insight into why some may take eco-political action and others may not, although class indicators seemed a bit more helpful.  Keywords:  race, class, political action, environmental policy, ecological concerns, psychological factors, sustainability, politics and society

Richard K. Caputo    Race, Region, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Grandmother-Grandchild Co-Residency  (p61-75)

This study extends recent research in the area of grandparent-grandchildren relations. It uses National Longitudinal Survey data and logistic regression analysis to determine the likelihood that grandmothers who resided with grandchildren were also likely to have daughters who resided with grandchildren. Of 1098 co-resident grandmothers in the present study, 105 (9%) comprised the sub-sample of grandmother-grandchild mother-daughter pairs. Intergenerational transmission of grandmother-grandchild co-residency was four times more common among Blacks than among Whites, and twice as likely to occur in the South. Age at the time of the birth of one’s first child was inversely related to intergeneration transmission of co-residency, while socioeconomic status was positively related to it. No statistically significant differences were found by grandmother-grandchild mother-daughter pair status in regard to physical or mental health among co-resident grandmothers. Nonetheless, about 60% of older co-resident grandmothers reported health limitations in 1997, while 11—18% depending on grandmother-grandchild mother-daughter pair status reported levels of depressive symptomatology that placed them at risk.  Keywords:  Grandmothers, grandchildren, grandparents, intergenerational families Race, Region, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Grandmother-Grandchild Co-Residency

R. Kirk Mauldin   The Role of Humor in the Social Construction of Gendered and Ethnic Stereotypes  (p76-95)

Using content analysis, this article examines the role of humor in the process of socialization. Close examination of homophobic humor reveals a pattern of denigration which teaches individuals the undesirability of the homosexual role. Jokes equating homosexuals with excrement further reinforce their status as social pariahs, while another type of humor graphically illustrates and reinforces both common stereotypes and the supposed ability to recognize "hidden" homosexuals. While numerous stereotypes are discussed, the article shifts focus to how humor shapes our conceptualization of contextual power and our desire for the ultimate destruction of the out-group. The article concludes by showing that humor reflects the same socialization process with other disempowered groups, such as African Americans.  Keywords:  Homosexuality, Humor, Socialization, Stereotypes, Race

Ruby C. Lipscomb   How to Help African American Daughters Survive in the New Millennium: An Empowerment Perspective (p96-100)

Unlike tying her shoe, empowerment is not something one can easily teach a daughter. Empowerment means nurturing positive attributes so that individuals can control their destinies. It is a cumulative process wherein lots of little successes lead a girl to expect success. Empowerment is the strength African American daughters need to soar against the wind of the new challenges in the New Millennium. In what ways can African American parents be instrumental in inculcating their daughters with a sense of inner strength and sense of empowerment as ballast against a society that infrequently celebrates their beauty, intellect and talents?

Carolyn Whitson   The Sexual Boundaries of Race and Class in Working-Class Novels.  Marrying Up and Living it Down/Marrying Down and Living it Up   (p101-120)

As with other novels that take class issues for their emphasis, working-class novels with strong attention to sexual politics are often categorized elsewhere. The novels to be discussed here are more commonly examined as women’s literature, immigrant literatures or as literature by people of color (or "ethnic" literature). Authors, editors, publishers, and professors, in seeking a niche audience for these texts, will usually opt for these labels, for the working-class as a topic of discussion or analysis has rarely been seen (being perceived as limited in financial and educational resources by definition) as of interest to its subject-members.  But these minority audiences or subjects are usually, due to their marginal status, perceived as poor, so working class issues (specifically poverty, violence, illness, oppression, struggle) are considered a subject of the conditions of an African-American novel or a lesbian novel.

Norma Smith   Oral History and Grounded Theory Procedures as Research Methodology for Studies in Race, Gender and Class   (p121-138)

This article describes a research methodology, the combined use of oral history and grounded theory procedures, that should be useful for the study of race, gender and class, and which, in particular, supports the SUNO-RGC Project's approach to race, gender and class studies as a foundation for strategizing social change/social justice. The article draws attention to the coincidence of oral history and grounded theory with principles of community organizing. It emphasizes the importance of understanding history and ideology in any social research.  Keywords: methodology, oral history, grounded theory, activist scholarship, community scholarship

Jacqueline De Hon   Identifying Links-of-Discrimination Related to Race, Gender, and Class  (p139-158)

Identifying links-of-discrimination related to race, gender, and class is vital to understanding ways cultural stereotypes reinforce and perpetuate discrimination against certain groups. By uniting—and by refusing to be "divided" and "ruled"—so-called "minority" groups can take their proper places in society. As in the movie, Revenge of the Nerds, groups can learn to see that—together—oppressed groups are the majority. I discuss ways elite groups use the media, scare tactics, fear, and ignorance to create and maintain separation between groups. I suggest that bridges can be built through communication, education, community-group-membership, diversified-neighborhood-pride, and so forth. Through education, aware-people can build bridges that link groups and form a solid basis for strengthening the community as a whole. In particular, General Semantics principles can be used as a tool to assist people in learning to understand and to respect The Other. An application of what I call "sympathetic-communication" can aid in achieving quality intercultural communication.       Keywords: race/sexism, gender/sexism, class/classism, discrimination, stereotypes, dominant group, oppressed groups divide-and-rule

Renny Christopher   Springsteen, Diallo, and the NYC Police:  An Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class  (p159-174)

Bruce Springsteen’s song, "American Skin," was written in response to the killing of a black immigrant from Guinea, Amadou Diallo, by four New York City cops. The NYC police protested; Lt. George Mole published an op-ed piece in which he writes, "I didn’t expect that Bruce Springsteen, poet of the working class, would turn his back on the working men and women who wear the shield." Yet the song does represent the police as well as the shooting victim, and places blame on the system of white supremacy which victimizes both. The lines of controversy surrounding Springsteen’s song bring together race, class and gender. The protest by the cops is based in class; the defense of the song by critics of the cops is based in race. The song, the protest and defense of the song, and the incident on which the song is based are all about our "American Skin," our American wallets, our American guns.  Keywords:  rock music, working class, immigrants, police brutality, African American

Marta López-Garza   Convergence of the Public and Private Spheres:  Women in the Informal Economy  (p175-192)

In this paper, I present a critical finding of my research on the informal economy: the fluidity with which women created and negotiated "space," crossing borders between the public and private spheres. I provide the ways in which women in the study moved between these spheres, spheres which overlapped one another—where public and private responsibilities occurred in the same space, at the same time. In these spaces, women combined their household obligations with their economic responsibilities, brought children and work together and the private and public into one sphere of negotiated space.    Keywords: informal economy, women's studies, immigration studies, chicano/latino studies, theories of urban space

2000 Race, Gender and Class Conference and Others  

Volume 9, Number 2, 2002, ISSN 1082-8354

Editors: Jean Ait Belkhir, Lenus Jack Jr. and Christiane Charlemaine

Jean Ait Belkhir, Lenus Jack, Jr. and Christiane Charlemaine   Introduction (p3-7)

Clayton Dumont Jr.   Dead Family or Archaeological Collections?: On the Significance of Native Dead (p8-31)

The paper is an analysis of scientific claims on Indian dead. I make three central arguments. First, the scientific community must acknowledge the political, cultural, and historically-contingent character of its claims on native remains. Secondly, until scientists are willing to treat their epistemological desires as cultural phenomena, and therefore as not inherently superior to Indian understandings, the much-called-for cooperation with the tribes will not progress beyond its current, very immature stage. Thirdly, few scientists have yet to enunciate a desire for such equality of perspectives. The paper outlines the state of the debate over repatriation and reburial of remains, contains extensive excerpts of interviews with five Klamath Indians who share their perspectives on archaeologists and anthropological desires, and concludes with a deconstruction of recurring scientific arguments for resisting the return of ancestral dead to living Native Americans.  Keywords: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, archaeological ethics, Klamath Tribe, history of science

Andrew Perchard   'Bonnie Fighters': Class Consciousness and Solidarity in the Scots Coalfield, c. 1947-1960  (p32-46)

"We have always been proud of our international connections, and the fact that we miners have always been at the very vanguard of the working class."  "Miners had a special place in the mythology of struggle which set them apart from others."   Both of these remarks reflect the special status which miners were viewed in and in which they viewed themselves. This paper will, drawing on both existing literature and recently researched empirical material, argue that Scots miners, sometimes in direct contrast to their counterparts elsewhere in the British coalfield were particularly class conscious and exhibited this through their solidaristic class actions on a local, national and international basis. It will further argue that there were specific reasons for a heightened sense of class consciousness in mining communities and additionally, factors in the Scots coalfield which gave it its distinct radical class hue. These in turn led to a highly developed set of community and union based structures which reflected the symbiotic relationship between pit and mining community and were so influential, also, in navigating the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) and the major Marxist political party of the left in Scotland at the time; the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).

Marta I. Cruz-Janzen   Lives on the Crossfire: The Struggle of Multiethnic and Multicultural Latinos for Identity in a Dichotomous and Racialized World   (p47-62)

We live with a "box mentality" (Cruz-Janzen, 1997). We have internalized a strong need to categorize, segregate, and oppress one another. Someone has to be the majority, superior, stronger, better; someone else has to be the minority, inferior, weaker, lesser. While this is common to most human societies, race has remains uniquely powerful in the United States—so powerful that terms such as race, ethnicity, and national origin have become interchangeable (Davis, 1998) and, concomitantly, highly misleading and volatile. While the U.S. does state that its racial categories include both racial and national origin groups (U.S. Census 2000), it fails to acknowledge and/or address the pervasive and augmenting popular association of race with ethnicity, persons of color, and particularly groups from certain countries and/or continents; this at a time when clarification is crucial for national unity and the well-being of its ascending diverse population.

Beverly Mason   Roads to Power: A case Study of How Egyptian Working-Class Women Realize Economic and Social Power  (p63-84)

This paper is an examination of how urban working-class Egyptian women engage in income-generating activities at the micro level within the dynamics of a global economy. More specifically, the study explores the work women engage in as they occupy and challenges spaces defined by powerful forces beyond their control. The broad question discussed, then, is how do gender relations impact the world system, and how does this system impact gender relations. The paper examines how women, as economic actors at the local level, interact with and influence the national and international arena, as they make their lives in both the public and private spheres in Africa. Divided into four sections, the paper presents: theoretical frameworks that address the dynamics of Third World women within the world system; a brief presentation of the historical forces that place women in their context; contemporary concerns and women’s everyday realities; and a discussion of the involvement of women in varied laboring activities.

Magalene Harris Taylor "Martha Stewart as a Sociological Phenomenon"   (p85-99)

This paper will explore individual economic success as sociological enterprise. Sociological discourse is utilized to analytically explore the historical and social impact of Martha Stewart on the institutions of family and work while simultaneously acknowledging a relationship to the dimensions of race, class and gender. In essence, this unique mix of history and sociology will highlight the contributions of one woman to two major socializing institutions, work and family—through yet a third medium of socialization, the media.

Ronald E. Hall   A New Perspective on Racism: Health Risk to African-Americans  (p100-111)

The sociological has dominated perspectives on racism in America. By virtue of skin color, African-Americans have become the focal point for various forms of racism as would be suggested by Affirmative Action. Exacerbated by racist media images, the prevailing social climate has compromised Affirmative Action and given rise to abuse by law enforcement. Based upon the constant prevalence of racism in public life African-Americans as a group suffer from abnormally high blood pressure. The result is a health risk manifested by correlation between skin color and hypertension. A new perspective on racism would necessitate same as health risk to African-Americans.  Keywords: racism, health risk, hypertension, African-Americans

Linda Kalof, Thomas Dietz, Gregory Guagnano and Paul C. Stern   Race, Gender and Environmentalism: The Atypical Values and Beliefs of White Men   (p112-130)

We explored the links between race, gender and environmentalism by examining differences in values (altruism, self-interest, traditionalism and openness to change) and proenvironmental beliefs (New Ecological Paradigm). Analysis of survey data from a random sample of U.S. residents revealed significant differences between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics in values and beliefs, but gender differences existed only for Whites. Of the ten observed significant differences in means, seven were differences between White men and other subgroups, with White men scoring lower than one or more other groups on the belief measure and all four value measures. These results suggest that the attitudes of White men in the U.S. are anomalous, perhaps because of their historically privileged position regarding risk and power in society.

Subdipta Das   Loss or Gain? A Saga of Asian Immigration and Experiences in America's Multi Ethnic Mosaic  (p131-155)

In recent years, the diversity within the Asian-American population and their varied, often contrasting patterns of immigration and experiences have been recognized and underscored in American multi-cultural studies. While an extensive amount of published works continue to concentrate on the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean experiences, the migrations of other significant racial and ethnic groups from across the Pacific have only begun to unfold. One of these newest and less examined immigrant groups is the arrivees from India, who had until recently been relegated to insignificance under the designation of "others" in American official documents. Their separate racial identity and demographic status was recognized only in the 1980 U.S. Census report, under the rubric of "Asian Indians." Being the most rapidly expanding immigrant group with the highest number (46%) of the total H-1B visa petitions filed (India Abroad, 1999:38), and with education and income levels higher than those of most of the 5.1 million Asian-Americans, this group deserves more attention and analysis than it has so far received.

Yitchak Haberfeld and Dafna N. Izraeli   Gender Inequality in Majority and Minority Groups in Israel  (p156-185)

This article is an empirical test of Almquist’s (1987) hypothesis that gender inequality is greater among groups with greater resources because men in the dominant group appropriate the surplus, whereas men in the most disadvantaged groups are forced to be more egalitarian. Using census data and multivariate logistic analyses, we examine gender differences in labor force participation, occupational status and income in eight ethnic- generational class groups in Israel: Israeli- born Jews, first- and second- generation Western Jews, first- and second- generation Eastern Jews, Moslems, Christians, and Druse. Almquist’s hypothesis is not supported by our data. We argue that gender inequalities are better explained by the structural advantage of men from the dominant group who control the allocation of resources for all groups. This advantage is augmented by economic development and differential opportunities for the accumulation of wealth. It is tempered by the protection provided by ethnic labor market enclaves.  Keywords: gender inequality, Israeli- born Jews, first- and second- generation Western Jews, first- and second- generation Eastern Jews, Moslems, Christians, and Druse

The intersection of Race, Gender, and Class in Social Service and Social Welfare

Volume 9, Number 1, 2002, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Editors: Eric Swank and Keith M. Kilty

Eric Swank and Keith M. Kilty  Introduction   (p4-7)

Elisabeth B. Erbaugh   Women's Community Organizing and Identity Transformation  (p8-32)

This paper addresses how women’s community organizing alters participants’ relationships to dominant social and political institutions. I conducted participant observation and interviews in a multi-ethnic, working-class organization which combines two community organizing models: a relational model and an institutionally-focused model. Members of the organization collectively critiqued dominant ideologies and public policies about welfare and engaged in dialogue with political authorities about economic issues. In these processes, experiences of collective identity formation and personal identity transformation increased members’ political motivation and sense of empowerment relative to the welfare system and other dominant institutions. I argue that the implications of identity formation and transformation are important in evaluating the success of community organizing efforts.  Keywords: community organizing, identity, welfare, gender, race and class

Augustine J. Kposowa, Glenn T. Tsunokai, & Edgard W. Butler   The Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Schizophrenia: Individual and Neighborhood Contexts  (p33-54)

The purpose of the study was to investigate racial/ethnic disparities in mental health diagnoses. In particular, it was anticipated that the effect of race/ethnicity on the risk of diagnosis for schizophrenia would remain even after controlling for neighborhood characteristics. Logistic regression models were fitted to individual data from the Riverside County (CA) Department of Mental Health and contextual data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (N = 18,533). Substantial racial/ethnic diagnostic variations were found. African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia (psychoses) than whites. Men were substantially more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women. Neighborhood characteristics improved model fit, but they did not substantially reduce or eliminate the impact of race/ethnicity or gender. Clients from communities marked by high unemployment and poverty were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than those from low unemployment neighborhoods. Keywords: race/ethnicity, schizophrenia, community, diagnosis, clinicians

Rachel Lanzerotti, Michael Mayer, Wendy Ormiston & Laura Podwoski   Racism in Queer Communities: What Can White People Do? (p55-71)

This article describes a collective effort by four White queer Master of Social Work students to address racism in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQQ) communities in San Francisco. The authors combined commitment to take action for racial justice with their master project for the San Francisco State University School of Social Work (2000), by conducting a practice project entitled "Racism in Queer Communities: What Can White People Do?"  In consideration of a practical application of social work to social justice, this article specifically will focus on the workshop component of the project and will explore the theoretical development and methodology of the workshops, as well as their successes and challenges.  Keywords: racism, racial justice, white privilege, queer, LGBTQQ, popular education, workshop

Ellen Reese   Resisting the Workfare State: Mobilizing General Relief Recipients in Los Angeles  (p72-95)

This article is a case study of ACORN’s campaign to organize welfare-to-work participants ("workfare workers") in Los Angeles’ General Relief (GR) program, most of whom are African-American or Latino. Workfare participants had various grievances, including health and safety violations and lack of training and employment opportunities. In the 1990s, Los Angeles County supervisors also reduced GR grants and adopted a five-month time limit for welfare receipt. ACORN’s campaign to "end workfare as we know it" illustrates the potential for building an effective grassroots, gender-integrated, multi-racial organization of welfare recipients. By strategically framing welfare issues as "workers’ issues", using disruptive protest tactics, and working in alliance with other groups, ACORN won, or helped to win, important policy concessions for GR recipients at the state and local level.  Keywords: general relief, welfare reform, workfare, welfare rights, social movements, labor movement, community organizing

Cherise A. Harris   Who Supports Welfare Reform and Why?  (p96-121)

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 has dramatically changed the face of the welfare state. Many authors have argued that prejudiced attitudes toward minorities and the poor, and attitudes concerning the value of work shape public support for welfare reform. However, the impact demographic membership has on these variables and how this translates into support for welfare restrictions remains somewhat unclear. The findings of this study show that, in general, racial attitudes have a smaller impact on support for welfare restrictions, where attitudes toward the poor and attitudes toward work are more salient indicators of support. Additionally, respondents' race and gender are moderate indicators, while income is insignificant to support for welfare restrictions. Lastly, differences in attitudes by race and gender suggest that support for restrictions differs according to social location.  Keywords: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Temporary Assistance to Neddy Families (TANF), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), welfare, welfare reform, attitudes toward welfare

Robert Carr Stigmas, Gender and Coping: A Study of HIV+ Jamaicans   (p122-144)

 This study investigated the nature of social stigmas poor urban and rural HIV+ Jamaicans contend with in their daily lives, and their coping strategies. Poor HIV+ Jamaicans (7 women and 8 men) from urban and rural settings were interviewed in depth. Stigmas found were related to fears of contamination in the general population. A gendered hierarchy was also present since men were less stigmatized than women and women less stigmatized than men who failed to meet community standards of masculine behavior. Women reported high levels of psychological and physical abuse. A strong link was found between the treatment of poor HIV+ Jamaicans and the abuse sanctioned for sex/gender transgressors. Dominant coping strategies were secrecy, family support, and religion.  Keywords: HIV, AIDS, Jamaica, stigma, homophobia, sexuality, gender, poverty, spirituality, abuse, discrimination

Donna Baines Radical Social Work, Race, Class, and Gender (p145-167)

This study of left-of-center social workers in Toronto, Canada found that workers employed in politically engaged, community settings tended to formulate race, class, gender in as a dynamic whereas workers employed in bureaucratic, depoliticized settings used more limited and segmented formulations. The article shows how single strand formulations limit our capacity to talk about any one of these social relations on its own conjunction with other axes of oppression. Concluding with a look at work place resistance, this article calls for the development of anti-racist, anti-sexist, and class conscious social work that resonates with the depoliticizing conditions that exist today.  Keywords: radical social work, race, class and gender

Chishamiso T. Towley   The Maternal Socialization of Black Adolescent Mothers  (p168-184)

This qualitative research study examines the meaning of motherhood for African American adolescent mothers. The research focused on the context and content of maternal messages received by young African American females in a social service program. It contributes to the burgeoning body of empirical literature, which attempts to look more critically, subjectively and holistically at their maternal socialization experiences. The study concludes that while some adolescent mothers are able to find positive and self-affirming ways to express maternal identity, they continue to negotiate with negative and stigmatizing messages about themselves, some of which are conveyed by institutions with which they engage. Implications for service delivery, policy and program development are considered.  Keywords: black, adolescent, socialization

Volume 8

Race, Gender & Class in Media

Volume 8, Number 4, 2001, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Editor: Cecelia Baldwin

Jean Ait Belkhir & Lenus Jack, Jr. Introduction  (p3-7)

Cecelia Baldwin   The Development of Rhetorical Privilege in the News Reporting of Violent Crime  (p8-19)

This study explores the linguistic presentation of violent crime in news reporting and reveals how rhetorical patterns created a distorted media.  This distortion subsequently created an extension of privilege granted to the dominant culture and/or to high economic status.  Specifically, this study examined the term boy and other child oriented linguistic attributes that projected rhetorical imagery that in turn alleviated responsibility for crimes committed.  Included in the study are several high profile cases of violent crimes that have had highly saturated media coverage where a rhetorical alleviation of responsibility was repeatedly given to the dominant culture and repeatedly denied to diverse cultures. Keywords: media, journalism, criminology, news reporting, linguistics, race, gender, and class

Meenaskshi Gigi Durham  Adolescents, the Internet, and the Politics of Gender: A Feminist Case Analysis  (p20-41)

This case study is based on field observation of the first hands-on Internet sessions experienced by a group of lower-income minority teenagers in a inner-city middle school.  Using feminist analysis to interrogate the social dynamic within which the Internet use took place, I explore how new technologies are appropriated by adolescents as a site of social bonding.  I conclude that the adolescents users' social locations in terms of gender, race, and class work to constrain Internet use to support dominant relations of power.  Keywords: adolescents, gender, Internet, new media, teenagers

Shahrzad Mojab  The Politics of "Cyberfeminism" in the Middle East: The Case of Kurdish Women  (p42-63)

Cyberspace has already emerged as an important site of political struggle, compelling various social forces to extend their 'real world' activism to the world of electronic 'virtuality.'  While the state and the market continue their scramble for the control of cyberspace and its 'netizens', some citizens resist the virtualization of life, which they see as a new, more aggressive, form of  domination and dehumanization.  Feminists have actively participated in this political struggle and are sharply divided over the question of 'empowering' women through activism in the virtual space.  This paper examines the politics of feminist struggle in cyberspace by focusing on the experience of using the Internet as a means of advancing feminist studies and activism among the women of the non-state Kurdish nation.  The paper begins with a brief review of the debate on new communication technologies and political struggle.  It will then sketch the lives of Kurdish women who are denied the right to national, cultural and linguistic identities, the right to self-rule, the right to organize, and are, consequently, engaged in a bitter nationalist conflict, which overshadows feminist activism.  Reflecting on the experience of the International Kurdish Women's Studies Network, the paper offers a critique of both the 'optimist' (technological determinist) and 'pessimist' (technophobic) approaches.  Keywords: Kurdish women, globalization, cyberactivism, cyberfeminism, women and technology

Bertram D. Ashe "Hair Drama" on the Cover of Vibe Magazine  (p64-77)

This study consists of a cultural reading of the cover photograph of the June-July 1999 issue of Vibe magazine. It explores the relationship between Mase, an African-American male rap star, and the three anonymous African-American female models that surround him. The study interprets the cover through the long, straightened hair of the models, locating the models’ hair in a historically-informed context of black hair theory and practice. The study argues that the models’ presence on the cover, particularly their "bone straight and long" hair, "enhances" Mase in much the same way breast-augmented "trophy women" "enhance" their mates. Ultimately, the study encourages and validates a wide variety of black hair styles—including straightening—even as it urges the acceptance of black hair as a site where the demonstration of the struggle for black consciousness (however one exhibits that consciousness on his or her head) can be observed. Keywords:  African-American hair, hip hop culture, African American music, beauty

Robin Hardin & Marcie Hinton  The Squelching of Free Speech in Memphis: The Life of a black Post-Reconstruction Newspaper  (p78-95)

Since the appearance of New Orleans’ L’Union, the first black newspaper in the South in 1862, two currents have flowed through the rhetoric of the black press. These currents of opposition to white racism and the assertion of self-determination created a watershed of nationality in the black community. While there were hundreds of short-lived black newspapers around the turn of the century, few offered a more popular and powerful voice than that of the Memphis Free Speech. And, few newspapers black or white, had such a prime playing field as it did. Firstly, Memphis was a prime location with a large African-American community, which dealt with widespread hostility among the races. Secondly, Ida B. Wells, who was the editor of the paper during its final years, was a bold and remarkably talented woman. The small black Memphis newspaper served as Wells’ springboard as an influential voice of black America in the early twentieth century. This paper examines the life and the subsequent demise of the Memphis Free Speech.  Keywords:  Ida B. Wells, Memphis, Black Newspapers, Censorship, Memphis Free-Speech

Katherine N. Kinnick, Candace White & Kadesha Washington   Racial Representation of Computer Users in Prime-Time Advertising  (p96-115)

A content analysis of 437 prime-time television commercials depicting 938 people using computers revealed that commercials clearly represent the world from a white perspective. While people of color were well represented, men of color where under-represented. Women and children of color were depicted in the workplace or school, while white women and children were portrayed in both home and work/school roles. African-American men were significantly more likely to be portrayed as celebrity or athletes.  Keywords: racial representation in television commercials, computer advertising, race and technology, advertising stereotypes

Melinda M. Schwenck   "Negro Stars" and the USIA's Portrait of Democracy   (p116-139)

From 1952-1961, the U.S. Information Agency addressed the nation’s race problems with films about "Negro stars." This paper analyzes how the USIA’s films appropriated the lives of five internationally celebrated African Americans to provide visual evidence that American democracy fostered individual freedom. The author describes the political context that motivated the USIA to rely almost solely upon the Horatio Alger myth and celebratory discourse in its portrayals of African Americans.  Keywords: Government propaganda, race, civil rights, visual persuasion, cultural diplomacy, Marian Anderson, Ralph Bunche, Wilma Rudolph, Rafer Johnson. Althea Gibson, democracy

Jane L. Twomey   Newspaper Coverage of the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising   (p140-154)

Coverage of the 1992 Los Angeles uprising in The Korean Times and the Los Angeles Sentinel reveals that both minority newspapers symbolically constructed the event and their community’s role in it within the borders of a re-articulated, white-dominated racial hierarchy. This hierarchy, part of a larger racial ideology constructed and maintained for the benefit whites, is a powerful tool in the maintenance of white hegemony in the United States. The author argues that by constructing their news coverage in such a way, both groups symbolically sought white validation, thereby supporting the superior position of whites and reducing the possibility of any inter-ethnic alliance that might substantially challenge white hegemony.  Keywords: 1992 Los Angeles uprising, hegemony, minority media, racial hierarchy, racial ideology, white validation

Radharani Ray   Interrogating Race in Mississippi Masala  (p155-175)

This essay argues against race as a signifying claim and contends that Mississippi Masala supports that view. The critique demonstrates how the social meaning of race is constructed by the interaction between existing beliefs about racial differences and the exigencies of the particular situation. Informed by Hall, ideology is understood as a structure that constrains practice, yet meanings assigned to individual practices and events constantly produce and reproduce that structure. I contend that Mississippi Masala carries a resounding argument about the ambiguity, the concealing effect, and the oversimplification of racial categorization. This interpretation of Mississippi Masala reveals how race becomes primarily a socio-political discursive construction.  Keywords: race, class, ideology, Mississippi Masala

Joann Lee   Asian American Actors in Film, Television and Theater: An Ethnographic Case Study  (p176-184)

Images from Hollywood as well as television are a dominant part of American culture, often mirroring and even shaping our perceptions of society. With the push towards multiculturalism the myth of a white dominated Anglo America is undergoing redefinition from a multitude of ethnic voices. This study examines how Asian American actors deal with constraints within film, television, and theater in the context of being a minority in an industry where physical appearance—in particular racial features—play a key role to success. Narratives from veteran and aspiring Asian American actors provide insights into how this minority is coping with shifts in opportunities and attitudes in casting for films, television and theater.  Keywords: Asian American, media, images, film, theater, television, acting, race, gender, barrier

Amazigh Voices: The Berber Question

Volume 8, Number 3, 2001, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Co-editors: Ahcène Larbi and Mackie Blanton

Ahcène Larbi   Prologue  (p5-6)

Mackie Blanton   Foreword - Amazigh Light  (p7-11)

Ahcène Larbi and Rabah Seffal   Interview with an Amazigh Sociologist   (p12-24)

Rabah Kalhouche   Socio-Historical Determinations of Loan Words from Arabic to Kabyle (Berber)  (p25-32)

Rachid Aadnani   Resistance as a Linguistic Practice in Mohammed Khair-Eddine's.  Légende et Vie d'Agoun'chich  (p33-56)

This article considers the manner in which the Tamazight (Berber) language is deployed to undermine official cultural constructs that surpress crucial aspects of Moroccan and Maghrebian identities. It also examines how the Francophone text can be used both to give voice to a repressed culture and challenge the very medium in which it is written, even as it exposes the cruelties that the French inflicted on the Amazigh populations of the Atlas mountains during colonial military campaigns in North Africa.  Keywords: Tamazight (Berber) language, cultural constructs, Maghrebian identities, colonial military campaigns in North Africa.

Abderrahman El Aissati   Ethnic Identity, Language Shift and the Amazigh Voice in Morocco and Algeria  (p57-69)

Although Berber is known to be the indigenous language of the populations of North Africa for over thirty centuries, it has never been promoted to the status of a standard language, let alone that of an official language of any of the states where it is traditionally spoken as a mother tongue. Since the late 1960s, a revival movement has been striving for official recognition of Berber. Some recent events in Morocco and Algeria serve as proof of a limited success of this movement; but as a result of growing urbanization, education (mainly in Arabic and French), and emigration inside and outside Morocco, the threat of a massive language shift is greater than ever. This paper explores the paradoxical constructs of ethnic identity and linguistic identity in Morocco and Algeria, and highlights their role in the revival movement. In the light of these constructs, it deals with (i) the factors that energize the revival movement, (ii) the factors that impede the official recognition of Berber and its standardization, and finally (iii) the prospects for the survival of Berber.  Keywords: Berber, North Africa, ethnic identity, linguistic identity, Marocco, Algeria.

Daniela Merolla  Questioning Gender, Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Maghreb:  Voices of Women in the Kabyle Literacy Space   (p70-101)

My paper will focus on the interactions between gender and community in oral and written narratives from Kabylia. Since the eighties, the studies on multiethnic and multicultural societies have progressively been concerned with the intersections between gender, race, and ethnicity. Other researches have discussed the construction of gender in the colonial discourse and in the nationalist movements of the Middle East. It is not by chance that these two streams of research draw together when we look at the construction of gender and community in the Kabyle context both the women's question and the so-called Berber's question were central issues in the making of Algeria. Until this aspect, the field of Berber studies calls attention for the issue of gender and minorities that has scarcely been treated in the critical apprehension of Nationalism and Orientalism.. Looking at Kabyle oral narratives, we find a gendered (dominant) discourse constructed around the Kabyle community/Islamic Umma relationship. A counter discourse in female terms takes place in the delineation of Kabyle women's models, but it finds insuperable limit in the acceptation of the encompassing patrilineal system. Turning to novels by women's writers from Kabylia, we find a conflicting and dramatic relationship between Kabyle identity and women's identity. Yet, these texts reveal a preliminary 'female' project for the construction of a renewed Kabyle community, a construction that is inextricably linked to the problematic relationship between Kabylia and Algeria.Keywords: multiethnic, multicultural, intersections gender, race, ethnicity, Berber’s question, Algeria, Berber studies

Tassadit Yacine  Women, their Space and Creativity in Berber Society   (p102-113)

Women are naturally associated with cultural production, especially in traditional areas relegated historically to women in their own respective societies. We can therefore sketch out the broad outlines of a tight relationship between women and folk art. Pottery, weaving, home decoration, decoration of grain storage compartments, embroidery, etc., are all women's ways of doing in many cultures. Such is also the case with many regions of the Amazigh world, and, of course, with that of the Kabylia homelands of Algeria and the Shleuh homelands of Morocco. The division of labor between sexes, which includes the cultural production of both the physical and the material, entails the intellectual production as well. Overcoming historical obstacles that impinge upon them on the socio-political level as well, Amazigh women have learned to exist as producers. Some Amazigh women chronicle the psychology of such an existence in both poetry and song.Keywords: Amazigh women, Kabylia, Shleuh

Amar Almasude  Protest Music and Poetry in the Rif   (p114-134)

After independence, an elite of plutocrats and religious scholars monopolized the political and economic power in Morocco. As a consequence, vast masses of the population were marginalized, and resistance began to gain momentum in certain regions. The Riffians in the North of Morocco were leaders of this resistance. Given its strategic position bordering Algeria and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, on the Mediterranean Sea, the Rif [The northern part of Morocco is usually called the Rif and is inhabited by a population speaking Riffian or Tarifit. Tarifit is a variant of the Tamazight language common to all Imazighen.] developed a solid economy based on smuggling and emigration. However, this economic system impacted Riffian society in ways that might be both negative and positive. These experiences are articulated in the works of Amazigh artists, who committed their lives to expressing concerns about the future of their people. This paper is intended to help understand various themes of their songs, which include modernity, emigration, education, capitalism, and democracy.  Keywords: Amazigh artists, songs, modernity, emigration, education, capitalism, democracy

Salem Chaker  Berber Challenge in Algeria: The State of the Question   (p135-156)

Even for the non-expert observer of the Maghreb, the Berber parameter has now become an essential element of the political, social, and cultural scene in both Algeria and Morocco. In Algeria, since 1989, a whole series of spectacular actions confirmed the significant adherence of the Kabyle population to the Berber claim. The latest demonstrations across the region by Kabyle youth in June-July 1998, following upon the assassination of Lounes Matoub, remind us that the embers of Berberism are ready to be fanned into flames at any time. In Morocco, the August 29, 1994 royal address in favor of the teaching of Berber took place in a quieter landscape, but it truly represents the rise of a Berber aspiration. Albeit admittedly lacking organization and political character, the Moroccan political power machine undoubtedly wanted to anticipate and neutralize it to avoid a possible evolution in "the Algerian way." This paper will be limited to a presentation of an update of the situation of the "Berber question" in Algeria, the forces involved, its actors, and the recent and current developments. Keywords: Magrheb, Berber, Algeria, Marocco, Kabyle, Berberism, Algerian way, Berber question

Jean Ait Belkhir and Bernice McNair Barnett   Race, Gender and Class Intersectionality  (p157-174)

This article has been published in a book on Race, Gender & Class Studies entitled: "Introduction to Sociology: A Race, Gender & Class Perspective," 1999, Race, Gender and Class Publications. The book is a collaborative RGC project in which many different sociologists, with expertise in their particular subfield areas, have written a chapter introducing the topic from a race, gender, and class perspective. There are 9 Units, composed of 24 chapters, covering major subfields in sociology. Each introduces basic theories, concepts, and research on the topic as well as provides thought questions, suggested readings, and extensive bibliographies useful to students and professors. Reprinting this article from the book will provide a better idea about trace, gender and class studies.

Marxism: Race, Gender & Class

Volume 8 Number 2, 2001, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Co-Editors: Susan Archer Mann, Michael D. Grimes, and Stephanie Shanks-Meile

Susan Archer Mann & Michael D. Grimes  Common and Contested Grounds: Marxism and Race, Gender and Class Analysis  (p3-22)

This special issue is devoted to a debate between Marxism and Race, Gender and Class analyses. In our view, the necessity for such a debate reflects seismic changes in social structures, both locally and globally. Therefore, we introduce this special issue by first grounding this debate in the social, economic and political conditions that have given rise to paradigmatic shifts in the understanding of social inequalities and to new and competing scholarships of liberation.

Martha E. Gimenez  Marxism, and Class, Gender, and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy  (p23-33)

This paper examines the soundness of critical assessments of Marxism which present, as an unassailable conclusion, the view that Marx and Marxism are of little use for the study of the connections between class, gender and race. Arguing that, contrary to the prevailing view, Marx and Marxism are indeed necessary for elucidating the relationship between class and identities, the author examines the limitations of the Race, Gender & Class perspective and suggests that the nameless power underlying all "raced, gendered, and classed" interactions is none other than class power and that, consequently, the RGC perspective needs Marxism to go beyond semantics (e.g., the endless proliferation of terms to name the connections between class, gender and race) and fulfill its avowed theoretical and emancipatory objectives. Keywords: Marxism, class, gender, race

Celine-Marie Pascale  All in a Day’s Work. A Feminist Analysis of Class Formation and Social Identity  (p34-60)

In this paper, I explore the mutual production of racialized, gendered, and classed identities in the United States. After a brief theoretical overview that includes Marxist theories of class, theories of racial inequality, and feminist Marxism, I turn to an historical account of proletarianization in the United States between 1860 and 1920. In concluding, I analyze the division of labor and the development of class consciousness in the United States by taking into account the legal and social restrictions that enforced racialized and gendered conceptions of citizenship. Keywords: gender, race, class consciousness, inequality, U.S.

Richard Hogan  Class, Race and Gender Inequality  (p61-93)

Derek V. Price  The Praxis of Critical Empiricism: Race, Class, Gender and Social Justice  (p94-116)

Marxist scholarship and research on the intersections of race, class, and gender are linked analytically through the concept of hegemony. Hegemony refers to the struggle between agents for and against the social transformation of dominant structures. While most scholars who utilize a race, class, and gender framework agree that social science and education should be used to challenge social inequities, the strategies of this struggle are often contentious. In this paper, I argue against the reification of statistical techniques as implicitly dominating, and for a critical empiricism as a form of counter-hegemonic praxis. In addition, I advocate for the connection of theory and practice in the classroom in terms of radical pedagogy. Race, class, and gender research provides empirical and narrative facts of ongoing social inequality, while also presenting educators with analytical tools to "meet students where they are at." This essay offers a constructive way to connect research on race, class, and gender with praxis for social justice. Keywords: inequality, social change, education, consciousness

John Foran  "Studying Revolutions through the Prism of Race, Gender and Class: Notes toward a Framework"  (p117-143)

The intersection – or perhaps, better put, interconnection – of race, class, and gender has become a cutting-edge issue in critical sociological work today. While the sociology of revolutions has finally begun to address issues of gender and, to a lesser degree, race, there is as yet no agreement on how to integrate these three principles of social stratification for the analysis of revolutions. This essay synthesizes some recent work on Latin American revolutions in an effort to draw out lessons for studying the role played by diversely situated actors in the making of revolutions in Latin America and what difference these actors have made in the outcomes of revolutions (and conversely, how revolutions have affected the lives of those who made them). It assesses such topics as the nature of revolutionary coalitions, the opportunities and constraints for participation, and the impact of race, class, and gender on the imperfect outcomes of Latin American revolutions. Keywords: revolutions, Latin America, race, class, and gender

Jean Ait Belkhir Marxism without Apologies Integrating Race, Gender, and Class: a Working Class Approach  (p142-171)

Race, Gender & Class in Education (Part 2)

Volume8 Number 1, 2001, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Co-Editors: Deborah B. Smith and Karen A. Johnson

Jean Ait Belkhir, Deborah B. Smith, Lenus Jack Jr.   Introduction to Race, Gender and Class in Education  (p3-7)

Valerie Maholmes   Revisiting Stereotype Threat: Examining minority students’ attitudes toward learning mathematics and science (p8-21)

Barbara Signer & Deborah Saldana Educational and Career Aspirations of High School Students and Race, Gender, Class Differences  (p22-34)

Stacey J. Lee   Exploring and Transforming the Landscape of Gender and Sexuality: Hmong American Teenaged Girls  (p35-46)

Ming Fang He & JoAnn Phillion Trapped In-Between:  A Narrative Exploration of Race, Gender, and Class  (p47-56)

Pauline Lipman, Eric Gutstein  Undermining the Struggle for Equity: A Case Study of Chicago School Policy in a Latino/a School June 1, 2000 (p57-81)

María Elena Reyes  Tortured Victory or Joyful Accomplishment? Successful Eskimo and Latina College Students  (p82-106)

Dave Ramsaran   Education in a Multi-Racial Society: Race Class and Patriarchy in Collusion  (p107-126)

Alan Singer   Wanted - Theories and Research that Explain Privilege and Oppression in Education and U.S. Society  (p127-138)

George J. Sefa Dei   Rescuing Theory: Anti-Racism and Inclusive Education   (p139-161)

Jeanne Weiler  Alternative Visions: (Re)Fashioning Female Gender Identities Within an Urban Classroom  (p162-183)

Volume 7

Race, Gender & Class in Social Work and Practice

Volume 7, Number 4, 2000 ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Co-Editors: Beverly Favre and Rose Wilson

B.J. Bryson & Claudia Lawrence-Webb   Social Work Practice and Profession: The Utility of Black Feminist Thought  (p7-17)

Colleen M. Galambos & Sherri Lind Hughess  Using Political and Community Activism to Develop Leadership Skills in Women   (p18-35)

Stan L. Bowie, Carol Dutton Stepick & Alex Stepick III  Voices From The Welfare Vortex A Descriptive Profile of Urban, Low-Income African American Women on the Eve of Devolution   (p36-59)

Walter J. Pierce & Erlange Elisme  Suffering, Surviving, Succeeding: Understanding and Working with Haitian Women  (p60-76)

Jorge Delva, Alma Trinidad & Brenda Jarmon  Characteristics of Welfare Recipients That Seek Drug Treatment in the U.S.   (p77-90)

William F. Stewart   Social Worker Empowerment: Race, Gender, and Class Factors   (p91-98)

Delores Dungee-Anderson & Leavelle A.Cox   Conflicting Gender Role Perceptions Among Middle Class African American Males and Females   (p99-120)

Thanh V. Tran & Kathleen McInnis-Dittrich   Social Support, Stress, and Psychological Distress Among Single Mothers   (p121-138)

Rich Vodde   De-centering privilege in social work education: Whose job is it anyway?  (p139-160)

Richard K. Caputo   Multiculturalism and Social Justice in the United States:  An Attempt to Reconcile the Irreconcilable within a Pragmatic Liberal Framework  (p161-182)

Race, Gender & Class in Education (Part 1)

Volume 7, Number 3, 2000, ISSN 1082-8354

Guest Co-Editors: Deborah B. Smith and Karen A. Johnson 

Foreword: Deborah B. Smith & Karen A. Johnson   Race, Gender & Class in Education  (p4-5)

Jean Ait Belkhir, Lenus Jack Jr, Deborah B. Smith   Introduction to Race, Gender and Class in Education  (p6-10)

Carl A. Grant, Kim Wieczorek, & Maureen Gillette  Text Materials and the Intersections of Race, Class, Gender and Power  (p11-34)

Angela Louque and Helen M. Garcia   Hispanic American and African American Women Scholars  (p35-57)

Renée Smith-Maddox  Educational Aspirations of African American Eighth Graders  (p58-80)

Lisa M. Frehill   Race, Class, Gender, and College Completion: The 1980 High School Senior Cohort  (p81-107)

George Ansalone   Keeping on Track: A Reassessment of Tracking in the Schools  (p108-132)

Judy M. Iseke-Barnes  Ethnomathematics and Language in Decolonizing Mathematics  (p133-149)

Alicia P. Rodriguez   Adjusting the Multicultural Lens  (p150-177)

Christine E. Sleeter  Creating an Empowering Multicultural Curriculum   (p178-196)

Race, Gender & Class Issues in Canada, Malaysia and United States

Volume 7, Number 2, 2000, ISSN 1082-8354

Jean Ait Belkhir, Johnnella E. Butler, Lenus Jack Jr.   Race, Gender & Class in Volume 7, Number 2, 2000  (p4-6)